Definition of termsActuateTo make a piece of machinery or an electrical equipment start to operate Air Flow Deflector (aerodynamic aid) reducing the drag factor Automated (automatic) gear shifting automated manual transmission Automatic Tire Inflation (ATI) Systems intended to keep vehicle tires properly inflated. These systems continually monitor and adjust the level of pressurized air in tire Back-up source/system A source/system which can be used if the main one doesn’t work Bluff body Nonstreamlined shape, especially one with a blunt tail that generates a recirculation zone at the rear. May be improved by using Vortex-generators. Boattail Transition section at the tail of a vehicle that narrows the body diameter, used to reduce base drag by directing air into the low-pressure zone. Brake horsepower Power developed by an engine as measured at the flywheel or crankshaft. Brake-specific fuel consumption The ratio of engine fuel consumption to power output. It is a measure of engine efficiency. Car pooling Car pooling is a system by which members of a group share a vehicle to reduce the volume of traffic on the roads and reduce the impact of traffic on the environment. Catenary system Dual overhead line Clutch a) apparatus interrupting power flow in the drive train allowing gear change b) pedal that you press with your foot when driving a vehicle in order to change gear Compression ignition The type of ignition that typically initiates combustion in a diesel engine. Rapidly compressing the air within the cylinders generates enough heat to ignite the fuel as it is injected. This is why diesel engines do not need spark plugs for ignition. Continuously variable transmission (CVT) provides a step less variable translation Damper A piece of equipment that stops a spring-mass system from swinging back and forth Dashboard The board at the front of a car/vehicle that has the control on it Downsizing Reducing the size of the machine so it has a higher efficiency. For internal combustion engines this is mainly done by increasing the power per displacement volume. The term might be applied to vehicles as a whole too. Drag coefficient Factor representing the drag acting on a body (as an automobile or airfoil). Driveline technology Gearing technology DRIVER IDENTIFICATION DEVICE This allows the driver to log on to the on-board computer so that any information recorded can be reconciled to the individual driver as well as the vehicle - an important point in fuel management programmes, particularly if drivers are swapped between vehicles. The identification device could be a data card, specific to the driver, which may also act as a download mechanism to transfer data from the in-cab computer to the host computer. Alternatively, the driver may have to identify himself by logging on to the on-board computer via a keypad. In some cases, a completely separate device can be used. For example, each driver can be issued with a ‘kiss key’ that is touched against a sensor in the cab to log on. The same key can also be used to transfer some of the information from the in-cab computer to other devices. It can trigger the depot’s fuel pumps, automatically identifying vehicle, driver and transferring the tachograph’s odometer reading. Drive train The drive train includes the energy conversion and the power distribution system in the vehicle, or put more simply, the engine and the transmission on a normal vehicle (a mechanical drive train). An electric drive train used in a hybrid vehicle, fuel cell vehicle, or in an electric vehicle consists of an electric motor, power electronics, power battery, and a transmission Ecodriving Fuel economy-maximizing behaviours http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecodriving Eco driving Education in softer driving behaviour that saves both the environment and lives Eco-Driving Driving in a more careful and environmentally responsible way that results in safe driving, a decrease of exhaust emissions, and fuel savings. Ensuring your vehicle is serviced regularly and tyres are at the correct pressure for optimum fuel efficiency. Eco-Excellence Recognition of a person who has a high level of environmental awareness and who actively implements environmental protection activities. Environmental accounting A means of quantitatively evaluating the costs and effectiveness of environmental activities. Electric vehicle Vehicle with an electric drive train, see below. Can be either a battery powered electric vehicle, a hybrid electric vehicle, or a fuel cell electric vehicle Emission factors The emission per km driven under normal conditions for vehicles, usually measured in g/km Engine tune-up Optimising the engine’s performance by calibrating the ignition system, air supply system, and fuel supply system Euro standards European Union emission standards (in g/km). Started with Euro 1 in the early 1990s up to recently adopted and more stringent Euro 5 and Euro 6 Exhaust A pipe on a car or machine through which gas or steam passes. The gas or steam produced when an engine is working Fleet management http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_management Foresight Vehicle Prime knowledge transfer network for the automotive industry Fuel gauge device measuring the actual fuel consumption Gadget Add on, mostly energy consuming device. Gear shift indicator system displaying the optimal gear Greenhouse gas Gas that contributes to global warming and thus climate change Green certification To certify a supplier who meets the required conditions as a source of green procurement. Hands on Training Allow the trainees to drive real vehicles equipped with measuring devices. Hybrid Synergy Drive Second generation of hybrid technology being developed by Toyota. (The term is a registered trademark of Toyota) Jackrabbit Start Pressing hard on the gas pedal for quick acceleration instead of gradually applying pressure to the gas pedal when starting from a complete stop League table recognising different route topology, vehicle economy etc. Lean combustion limit The point at which combustion may not occur because the fuel-air mixture contains too little fuel, resulting in misfires and increased hydrocarbon emissions. Engine operation with a lean fuel-air mixture (using as little fuel as possible) reduces NOx and hydrocarbon emissions and improves fuel efficiency. Life Cycle Cost Including purchase price, fuel cost, insurance, taxes, maintenance... Liner A piece of material used inside something in order to protect it. Low-Energy Vehicle any type of vehicle that uses less energy than a regular vehicle. The higher efficiency can be achieved by changing the vehicle\'s design, and/or by modifying its powertrain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-energy_vehicle Low sulphur diesel Diesel with less sulphur, usually less than 500 parts per million (ppm) Modal shift Passenger Transport: The change from car to foot,bicycle incl. E-Bike and public transport. Logistics: The change from long-distance transport via trucks to ferries and rail, which emit little CO2. On Board Unit (Computer) This receives data from the input devices, does the first stage of processing the information and then stores it for downloading. Different units will permit different numbers and types of input device to be connected. They also vary in the amount of data they filter and process - too much filtering by the on-board computer restricts subsequent analysis. Another point to check is the amount of data that the on-board computer can store. If it is small, it will limit the level of detail or the maximum period between downloads. Because of these subtle differences between units that apparently do the same job, it is worthwhile making detailed comparisons and checking the suppliers’ willingness to adapt the programming to your needs. Planar Boat Tail Plate These devices are four rectangular plates mounted to the after-end of a trailer in an attempt to reduce the wake of trucks. Pneumatic Aerodynamic Drag Reduction This type of system blows air from slots at the rear of the trailers of heavy-duty vehicles in order to smooth air flow over the trailer surfaces and reduce aft-end aerodynamic drag. Pneumatic Blowing Blowing streams of air under trucks to Reducing Rolling resistance Procurement Process comprising demand planning, specification, tendering and negotiation of the bids. Powershift Grants Government grants to incentives drivers to buy cleaner vehicles. Disbanded in 2005 Pressure indicator Cap indicating tire under inflation by displaying a colour or showing the pressure figure. Reaction space Distance to the preceding vehicle or traffic light- allowing to adapt to changing conditions without the need of braking. Recognition scheme Competition - beat the boss - non monetary incentives Regenerative braking Process of recovering some of a hybrid or electric vehicle\'s kinetic energy by allowing the wheels to drive a traction motor as a generator, thereby producing electric power that is stored for later use. When the driver brakes, the motor becomes a generator, using the kinetic energy of the vehicle to generate electricity that can be stored in the battery for later use. Traditional friction brakes are also necessary, as well as a strategy for smoothly blending the two braking mechanisms. Regenerative and friction brakes need to be controlled electronically so that stopping ability is maximized to make the dual brake operation transparent to the driver. Retarder A device slowing down an operation Retrofit Fitting an exhaust emission control technology on an existing vehicle Rewarding or Bonus Scheme Monetary incentive Silencers A piece of equipment that is connected to the exhaust of a vehicle to make the engine quieter (mufflers) Smart Idling Stop System System developed by Mazda, bringing the engine to an halt when stopping. Speed limiter Reducing maximum speed in a hard coded way Spark plugs A part in a car/vehicle engine that produces an electric spark Spring suspensions Elastic suspensions or dampers STOP & START system System that stops the engine when the vehicle is stationery and starts automatically when the vehicle pulls away. (Possibly specific to the PSA Group) Super Caps Double-layer capacitors located in the sills of a vehicle. BMW terminology Swift shifting A quick gears changing Thermoelectric converter Conversion of engine waste exhaust heat to electrical energy Throttle A piece of equipment that controls the amount of fuel going into a vehicle’ s engine Tire pressure management system A method of verifying the integrity of a valve in service Torque The force or power that makes something turn around a central point, especially in an engine Torsion Rotary form of bending Transponder Auto-Ident technology, allowing contact less identification of drivers in vehicles or at pumps. Tread The pattern of lines on the part of a tyre that touches he road Trionic Term by Saab to describe a particular engine management system Trip Chaining Consolidate errands into one vehicle trip with a route that makes it convenient to get from place to place. Ultra low sulphur diesel (ULSD) Diesel with very low sulphur levels (less than 50 ppm). Standard in the EU and in the US today VALVETRONIC Throttle technology by BMW with High Precision Injection technology Vortex shedding Swirling flow generated by a stream of fluid flowing past a flow obstruction, such as a solid body. Wear and tear The amount of damage you expect to be caused to cars/vehicles/equipment, when they are used for a long period of time Wide single tire Wide-base tires: replacing two small tires Wheel alignment Correcting wheels that are not aligned (parallel) 2-stroke engine Older type of engine still used in smaller engine applications such as small mopeds, lawn mover, and motorcycles. Most engines today are 4-strokes. “ 2-stroke” refers to the number of linear movements of the piston between every ignition 3-way catalyst Catalyst that reduces hydrocarbons, Nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide (3) from petrol fuelled vehicles. Requires lead free petrol Sources www.alternative-energy.co.uk new.unep.org EERE AbbreviationsAdBlue Fuel type. A stable and colourless liquid that is completely harmless and odourless. The active substance - urea - is produced from natural gas. AdBlue consists of 32.5 per cent urea diluted in distilled water AFV Alternative Fuel Vehicle APU Auxiliary Power Unit B100 100% Biodiesel/FAME BER Brake Energy Regeneration (Regarding hybrid models) BEV Battery Electric Vehicle BLUETEC HYBRID Concept hybrid model by Mercedes-Benz CBT Computer Based Training CDI Common rail direct injection A fuel-injection system that uses a single "rai" (fuel line) that maintains constant fuel pressure regardless of injection sequence (also called common rail injection). The engine's electronic timing regulates fuel-injection timing and quantity according to data from sensors on the camshafts and crankshafts so that compression and injection occur independently. Fuel is injected only as needed, which reduces fuel consumption and emissions. CIDI Compression-ignition direct-injection engine CKD Completely Knocked Down (Term applied to transport logistics) CNG Compressed Natural Gas CO2 Carbon dioxide CSR Corporate Social Responsibility DEG Diesel equivalent gallon The volume of natural gas it takes to equal the energy content of one gallon of diesel fuel. Since natural gas is not a liquid, its volume is measured in cubic feet, rather than gallons. Therefore, the DEG is a way of comparing equivalent volumes of fuel based on their energy content in British Thermal Units (Btu). dCi Diesel Common-rail injection. Description given to a particular type of diesel engine DI Direct injection In DI, fuel is injected directly into the cylinder, as is typical in a diesel engine (also called direct fuel injection). Most other internal combustion engines use either carburetion (in which the air and fuel are mixed long before the air enters the cylinder) or port fuel injection (in which the fuel is injected just in front of the cylinder intake valve). DISI Direct Injection Spark Ignition - term used for the engine of the MZR (Mazda) model. The fuel is directly injected into the combustion chamber. DOC Diesel Oxidation Catalyst. Reduces PM and HC emissions from diesel vehicles. Requires low sulphur diesel (500 parts per million or below) DPF Diesel Particulate Filter. Reduces PM and HC emissions from diesel vehicles. Requires low or ultra low sulphur diesel, (50 parts per million or below) DPFS Diesel Particulate Filter System Dyna Model of light duty truck manufactured by Toyota capable of using hybrid technology E85 Blend of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline (on average) EDC Electronic Diesel Control EFV Environmentally friendly vehicle EGR Exhaust Gas Recirculation. Exhaust system that reduces the emissions of NOx from diesel vehicle EMS Environmental management system A company\'s environmental management system includes the organizational structure, action plans, responsibilities, practices, procedures, processes, and resources required to create, implement, achieve, review, and maintain that company\'s environmental policies. g/km Unit measurement of CO2 used to categorise the emissions of different vehicles GPS Global Positioning System GPRS General Paket Radio Service - Wide Area Wireless Data Transmission GWP Global warming potential. Indicates the impact on global warming as a ratio of CO2 HC Hydrocarbons. Pollutant formed under combustion. Together with NOx and under the influence of sunlight, HC can form ground level ozone, see below. HDi Description given to a particular type of diesel engine HEV Hybrid Electric Vehicle. Efficient new vehicle technology that combines an electric motor with a combustion motor. See also PHEV (Plug in hybrids) Hi-Flex Description of Flex Fuel vehicles, used by Renault hp Horsepower - a non metric term used for power- rarely used because of several definitions and the existing SI-unit Watt Hybride Name given by Citroen to their C4 hybride HDi model HyTrans Micro-hybrid commercial vehicle. (Transit) ICEV Internal combustion engine vehicle. Today’ s conventional vehicle with a combustion engine I-SAM Hybrid concept for trucks. (Possibly specific to Volvo) I-SHIFT Automatic gear changing system for trucks. (Possibly specific to Volvo) LCC Life Cycle Cost LCV Light Commercial Vehicle LowCVP Low Carbon Vehicle Partnership MPV Multi-purpose-vehicle. (People carriers) NOx Nitrogen Oxides. NOx is the common name for nitrogen oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) O3 Ozone. Ozone is found in the lower atmosphere (ground-level ozone is also a main component of photochemical smog) and higher up in the stratosphere (stratospheric ozone). Ground-level ozone can also be called photochemical smog and damages human health PBS Polybutylene Succinate PHEV Plug in hybrids Hybrid electric vehicle that can also be charged with electricity from the electric grid. Not commercially available today but expected to become available commercially in the future- but may also called Dual Mode allowing longer distances on battery only. PM 10 Particles smaller than 10 microns PM 2.5 Particles smaller than 2.5 microns PM Particulate matter or small particles emitted from the exhaust ReMIT Retail Motor Industry Training RMIF Retail Motor Industry Federation SCR Selective Catalytic Reduction. SO2 Sulfur dioxide. Sulphur dioxide is a colourless heavy gas with a pungent smell, also known to be an irritant. SO2 causes acidification SPM Suspended particulate matter. This refers to particles in the air of all sizes. SPM is a complex mixture of organic substances, present in the atmosphere both as solid particles and liquid droplets. They include fumes, smoke, dust and aerosols SU-LEV Super Ultra Low Emissions Vehicle SUV Sports Utility Vehicle. Often used as an overall description of 4x4 gas-guzzling or Chelsea Tractor vehicles TPH Turbo Parallel Hybrid. Name given by Subaru to their hybrid technology TCO Total Cost of Ownership - see also LCC UETS Ultra Efficient Transport System VED Vehicle Excise Duty (Road Tax) VOC Volatile Organic Compounds. Volatile organic compounds are comprised of a wide range of individual substances including hydrocarbons (alkenes, alkenes, and aromatics), halocarbons (e.g. trichloroethylene), and oxygenates (alcohols, aldehydes, and hetons). They are all organic compounds and are volatile enough to exist as vapour in the atmosphere under normal conditions ZEV Zero Emission Vehicle |
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Beyond eco-driving - fuel savings multiply when fleet management meets eco-driving for all kinds of fleets